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Web Development: Backend

 Web development refers to the building, creating, and maintaining of websites. It includes aspects such as web design, web publishing, web programming, and database management. It is the creation of an application that works over the internet i.e. websites.

Building a website comprises 2 fundamentals:

  • Frontend
  • Backend

Backend refers to the the server side of a website. It is the part of the website that users cannot see and interact. It is the portion of software that does not come in direct contact with the users. It is used to store and arrange data.

Backend Development can be done with the assistance of:
  • PHP
  • NodeJS
  • Python 
  • Ruby
  • Java
PHP is a server scripting language, and a powerful tool for making dynamic and interactive Web pages. PHP uses composer as its package manager. Composer is an application-level package manager for the PHP programming language that provides a standard format for managing dependencies of PHP software and required libraries. Testing can be done using PHPUnit. Laravel is a free, open-source PHP web framework, created by Taylor Otwell and intended for the development of web applications following the model–view–controller (MVC) architectural pattern and based on Symfony. Some of the features of Laravel are a modular packaging system with a dedicated dependency manager, different ways for accessing relational databases, utilities that aid in application deployment and maintenance, and its orientation toward syntactic sugar. Some of the PHP CMS include WordPress, Joomla, Magento and Drupal.

Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform, back-end JavaScript runtime environment that runs on the V8 engine and executes JavaScript code outside a web browser. Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write command line tools and for server-side scripting—running scripts server-side to produce dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser. Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm, unifying web-application development around a single programming language, rather than different languages for server-side and client-side scripts. Node uses Express as its framework. It is designed for building web applications and APIs.

Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Pip is used as a package manager for web development using python. Pip is a package-management system written in Python used to install and manage software packages. It connects to an online repository of public packages, called the Python Package Index. pip can also be configured to connect to other package repositories. Widely used frameworks for python web development include Flask and Django. Django is a high-level Python web framework that encourages rapid development and clean, pragmatic design using the MTV (Model-Template-View) pattern. Built by experienced developers, it takes care of much of the hassle of web development, so you can focus on writing your app without needing to reinvent the wheel. It’s free and open source. Flask is a web framework that provides libraries to build lightweight web applications in python.

Ruby is an interpreted, high-level, general-purpose programming language which supports multiple programming paradigms. It was designed with an emphasis on programming productivity and simplicity. In Ruby, everything is an object, including primitive data types. Ruby on Rails, or Rails, is a server-side web application framework written in Ruby under the MIT License. Rails is a model–view–controller (MVC) framework, providing default structures for a database, a web service, and web pages. It encourages and facilitates the use of web standards such as JSON or XML for data transfer and HTML, CSS and JavaScript for user interfacing. In addition to MVC, Rails emphasizes the use of other well-known software engineering patterns and paradigms, including convention over configuration (CoC), don't repeat yourself (DRY), and the active record pattern.

Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. Java Spring Framework (Spring Framework) is a popular, open source, enterprise-level framework for creating standalone, production-grade applications that run on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Storing information is also a vital part of backend development. Data can be stores in the form of Rational and NoSQL Databases.

Rational Databases include:
  • PostgreSQL
  • MariaDB
  • MySQL
NoSQL databases include MongoDB which is Java Spring Framework (Spring Framework) is a popular, open source, enterprise-level framework for creating standalone, production-grade applications that run on the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).





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